2007-03-25

意义有限的一些事物

有些意义有限的事物,却以重大意义的面目出现了。
因为我们需要视觉冲击力强的东西,每天冲击我们的眼球。
更因为我们长久以来,缺少真正"意义重大"的事件。
所以那些视觉事件便成了意义事件。
但视觉并不等于意义。
视觉冲击也并不等于意义重大。
意义一直潜隐地存在着。一直以中等幅度存在着。
或者说,意义不是事物固有的。
意义是"阐释人"的发明创造。
因此"意义"没有尺度上的价值标杆。
微小的意义和重大的意义,其实是一回事。
那些意义有限的事物,被我们夸大了。

2007-03-17

Property rights in China: China's next revolution


Mar 8th 2007
From The Economist print edition

A new property law is a breakthrough, even though it raises hopes that one-party rule may dash

IISH, Stefan R. Landsberger Collection

SOME 2,500 years ago, one of Confucius's big ideas was the “rectification of names”. If only, he argued, sons would behave filially, fathers paternally, kings royally and subjects loyally, all would be well with the world. A faint echo of this thesis has been resounding this week in the cavernous auditorium of Beijing's Great Hall of the People, where nearly 3,000 delegates to China's parliament, the National People's Congress (NPC), have been enjoying their annual fortnight of wining, dining, snoozing and pressing the “yes” button. Living up to one's name poses something of a problem for the Chinese Communist Party, which dictates the laws the NPC will pass, and whose name in Chinese literally means “the public-property party”.

To such a party it must be an ideological embarrassment that China has such a large and flourishing private sector, accounting for some two-thirds of GDP. So one law due to receive the NPC's rubber stamp this month, giving individuals the same legal protection for their property as the state, has proved unusually contentious. It was to be passed a year ago, but was delayed after howls of protest from leftists, who see it as among the final of many sell-outs of the ideas of Marx, Lenin and Mao Zedong, to which the party pretends fealty.


The party's decision to enact the law in spite of that resistance is a great symbolic victory for economic reform and the rule of law. Clearer, enforceable property rights are essential if China's fantastic 30-year boom is to continue and if the tensions it has generated are to be managed without widespread violence. Every month sees thousands of protests across China by poor farmers outraged at the expropriation of their land for piffling or no compensation. As in previous years, placating those left behind in China's rush for growth has been a main theme of the NPC (see article).

In the cities, and of greater importance to the decision-makers pushing the law through, a growing middle class with its wealth tied up in houses wants to pass these assets on to their only children. These people are anxious about the security of their property and, like their fellows in the countryside, are becoming more assertive. In other countries the emergence of this group as an important political constituency has been followed by an unstoppable drift towards greater pluralism.

A journey of a thousand steps
In the short term, however, do not expect too much. The latest law is only one step in the slow trudge China is making out of the blind alley of Maoism. One big change in 2002 allowed businessmen to join the Communist Party, thus turning the revolutionary vanguard into a networking opportunity for bosses. In 2004 China changed the country's constitution to enshrine private-property rights. But the constitution is less a prescriptive document than a constantly changing description of what has just happened. So nothing changed.

This latest law, likewise, will not bring the full property-rights revolution China's development demands. Indeed, it will not meet the most crying need: to give peasants marketable ownership rights to the land they farm. If they could sell their land, tens of millions of underemployed farmers might find productive work. Those who stay on the farm could acquire bigger land holdings and use them more efficiently. Nor will the new law let peasants use their land as security on which they could borrow and invest to boost productivity. Nor, even now, will they be free from the threat of expropriation, another disincentive to investment. Much good land has already been grabbed, and the new law will merely protect the grabbers' gains.

This law cannot in itself resolve the murkiest question: who owns what? This is especially true in the countryside, where the mass collectivisation during Mao's Great Leap Forward of half a century ago left farmland “collectively” owned. Peasants have since been granted short (30-year) leases. But even outside agriculture it is often unclear whether a “private” enterprise is really owned by individuals or by a local government or party unit. Conversely, some “collective” or “state” enterprises operate in ways indistinguishable from the private interests of their bosses. Moreover, should an underdog try to use the new law to enforce his rights, the corrupt and pliant judiciary would usually ensure he was wasting his time. Since the Cultural Revolution, when the NPC passed just one law between 1967 and 1976, the legislature has been legislating quite prolifically. But the passage of laws is not the rule of law.

Which leads to a final obstacle: without an accountable executive branch, the necessary reform of the legal system is not going to happen. As the passage of the property law itself demonstrates, the party is showing itself somewhat more responsive to public opinion than it was in the past. But it still runs a government that does its best to silence most dissenting voices, strictly controls the press, and lavishes resources on the best cyber-censorship money can buy. Property rights are a start; but only contested politics and relatively open media can ensure that they are enforceable.

Petty-bourgeois fanaticism can be good for you
No revolution today then. Yet in the long term the leftist opponents of China's property law are surely right to be worried about what has been begun this month. They understand the law will entrench the rights of the carpet-baggers who have looted the state as it has privatised assets. They also understand that the law, for all its technicalities, does not chime with an avowedly communist government.

The leftists derive their theory not from Confucius, but from Marx. Were the latter writing today, he would surely see in China a revolution waiting to happen—or perhaps two. One is the bourgeois revolution led by the emerging property-owning middle class that the new law will help. The other is the potential for the simmering resentment in the countryside to boil over, perhaps in frustration at the law's shortcomings. Property rights are at the root of both—which is why the dozing NPC delegates may have started a process this month that will one day change their country completely.

2007-03-15

国家是谁?

在网上看到据说已经审议了七次的物权法草案,将原来的第四十九条规定:“野生动植物资源属于国家所有。”修改为:“法律规定属于国家所有的野生动植物资源,属于国家所有。”我认为,这样的修改仍然不够严谨,应该修改为:“在产生争议时,仍然有效的法律规定属于国家所有的仍然活着的野生动植物资源,属于在产生争议时仍然存在的国家所有;而已经死了的野生动植物资源,属于天堂所有;天堂属于上帝;上帝不属于任何政治或经济实体。”
至于至关重要的疑问:“国家是谁?”应该另行产生一套《国家是谁法》,明确界定“国家是谁”,以及国家能否出庭作证、谁能代表国家、国家代表谁等等。这个问题也和刚刚过去的日本法院驳回二战中国劳工诉求中的“国家”问题有关。新华社的这篇简短报道隐去了日本法院的一个重要论断:“国家无答责”。这是什么意思?另外,关于中日联合声明中中国政府向日本政府承诺放弃战争赔偿要求时的“中国政府”是否能够代表“中国”和“中国人民”?如果能够代表,那么,中国人民的所有赔偿要求(无论官方还是民间、个人)都将自动放弃;更厉害的是1952年日本政府和中华民国还签订了一个《日华和约》。这里的“华”又是谁?
因此,为了解决历史遗留问题,以及现实的物权问题,我们所生活其中的这个“国家”必须通过一项法律,来梳理一下“国家是谁”的问题。否则,“中国”这个“国家”永远搞不清楚自己到底“是谁”。至少,搞不清楚到底是“谁”在为“谁”买单/或拒绝为“谁”买单。

新浪财经·关注物权法草案专题
中国公民有权向日本请求战争赔偿么

2007-03-06

关于《地铁·叙事》作业的印象

地铁站是个有意思的地方。
——王宝民

03文编杨茜的作业开头便以毛主席语录的方式,全文引用了我在课堂上的话。这是我的话第一次被世界上的人引用。
这话是有道理的。当然,世界上其他地方也很有意思。但这和我无关。也和我的学生们无关。
我在此谈论的是上学期的一次学生作业。我要求所有的故事必须发生在地铁里。这似乎有点不近人情。有些故事不可能发生在地铁里(真的吗)。但我必须规定一个空间。我不能让他们太过天马行空。我必须让他们知道一些规矩,和界限。我要让他们苦苦思索“地铁”这个空间,直到他们实在没办法了,亲自,睁着眼睛坐一次地铁——为了我这篇不太容易理解的作业,去亲自坐一趟地铁。当我意识到其中有一些学生就这样被我赶到地铁里的时候,我心中暗暗得意,并且有某种幸灾乐祸之快感。反正对于我来说,批改关于地铁的作业,不用事先去坐一趟地铁;这对于整天不出门的我来说,是个很好的娱乐。我决定把一届一届的学生赶入地铁,直到他们明白,靠一点小聪明和小文笔,懒在宿舍里瞎编出来的东西,是不受欢迎的。
这个空间对于源源不断从“广播学院站”出来的鄙大学学生来说,如同广院水煮鱼一样熟悉。
作业共有186份。地铁里的故事五花八门。看得我眼花缭乱。大部分时间,我忍受它们;一些时候,我有一丝惊喜;极少数情况下,我被地铁故事吸引住了。

最没意思的是这样一些故事:在其中,地铁就象一个毫无特点的地方,被一些对话所填满。假如把这些对话放在酒吧里,照样行得通;他们以为我出的是一个造句题;请用“地铁”造一个句子,他们交给我这样一个句子:“王老师让我们用‘地铁’造一个句子,我想了想,就造了这个句子。”这是我小时候的伎俩,是一个万能的造句格式。

然后是这样一些故事:在其中,地铁和公共汽车、街道、商场、火车站没什么两样,反正就是人多。一些小偷出没在其中,一站一站地坐过去,偷了一些钱,有的被抓到,有的在下一站继续行窃。还有一些乞丐,其中一些被我们富有同情心的同学们充分怜悯了。这样也挺好,至少让我们知道了,生活不太容易。

然后是这样一些故事:在其中,某个充满恋爱的年轻人乘坐地铁去约会,或者去上班,或者去看电影;地铁只是个交通工具。这是对的。但如果我的作业仅仅让你告诉我,地铁是个交通工具,拜托,我早就知道这个事实了。

我还接触到一些恐怖故事。以及一些灾难故事。还有自杀事件。它们是一些“大片”的好材料;我还接触到一些“不可能的故事”,它们交给我一些神话,或者动画,完全不管这些“故事”如何可能发生在北京地铁里;它们是一些意念、一些狂想;我想我是否能为这些故事找到投资商;那是好莱坞的事情。更多的,我接触到偶遇,它们是一些稍纵即逝的爱情,还有仇人见面、分外眼红等等。当然,也有一些偶然的小意外(诸如地铁冒烟),促成了一对情侣的和好;或者浪漫的“地铁婚礼”;或者叫卖“刘德华自杀”的可疑人物……在这些作业中,地铁象是一份登载奇闻逸事的小报,看得我眼花缭乱。

我很少看到“叙事”。更多时候,我接触的是一些“事”,而不是“叙事”。一些同学把大部分精力花在了虚构一个离奇的“故事”上,甚至给我一个印象,他们只负责编故事,至于空间,对不起,是别人的事情。我可能忘了告诉他们(或者他们忘了我曾经告诉过他们),我不需要一个离奇的故事,我需要一个空间里的故事。

也许有的人真的没有什么可以写的了,于是,为了这次作业“去地铁采风”便成了叙述的中心事件。我认真地对待这种叙事,因为,这实际上是一种“后设叙事”(元叙事),但我不知道他们是不是知道这一点。总之,这也未尝不可;但是……毕竟比较诚实,我也没辙。这是两份“互文本”的作业,两位作者结伴同行,为了王老师这份作业有目的地乘坐了“一次”地铁。严格地说,这是一份作业的两个侧面,她们彼此互为主观,叙述对方。呵呵。

当然,也有人表达得更加“诚实”、“彻底”:我不喜欢地铁;(因此,我同样也不喜欢这份作业?)一切都是没有意义的。那么好吧,您来学这个专业也是没有意义的。那么,恩,……就这样吧。

或许更多的人不喜欢地铁。他们极力想把故事往家庭里的客厅、校园、宿舍、写字间里引。因为那里比较温馨?或者比较象一个情节剧发生的地方?我原谅了他们。毕竟不是每个人都是属于地铁的。正如不是每个人都属于客厅。我知道马丁·斯科塞斯是属于大街的,夏布罗尔是属于客厅的。但没有人宣称自己是属于地铁的。甚至地铁员工也不是。
有没有人,放弃一切,活在地铁里呢?我是说,活在丛林里,活在迷宫里,活在时间里,活在奇遇里……

在浩如烟海的关于地铁的作业中,我忧伤地发现,只有极少数人意识到了,这是个关于地铁这个“神秘”空间的故事;地铁会对故事的发生、走向、结局以及色彩、风格、气氛、声响产生重要的、决定性的影响;在其中,地铁不仅是交通工具,不仅是人多的地方,也是一个充满各种偶然性的空间,是一个地下空间,是一个有着监视器的空间,是一个危险的空间,是一个类似隧道的空间,是一个封闭空间,是一个严格的空间,是一个无穷无尽的空间……

冬天来到了。我窗外的烟花让我空虚。我回想着地铁。这是我的乡愁。于是,我翻出这些尚未交上去的学生作业,迷失在地铁的丛林之中,象卡夫卡迷失在城堡中。以下是几份令人印象深刻的作业——当然,这远非全部好故事,只是我个人的一份印象。

声音:04文编的杨宁交给我一份有关地铁声音的文案《我的地铁我的歌》。这是她所虚构的“声音城市”节目的一种。她希望“闭上眼睛、竖起耳朵、探听地铁”。她还让我“看到”了这份作业的“分景绘图”。这是一份只要花点功夫就可以投拍的作业。

色彩:04文编的鲍羽在《色彩地铁》中把地铁的世界分成“灰、红、黑、绿、橙”五种色彩,并赋予它们各自的含义。

角度:04文编的裘谷若在作业中使自己放低,让我们看到一双双有故事的脚,在跨越黄线前后,她展示了“青春的、衰老的、静止的、活动的、灵活的、笨拙的、高贵的、粗俗的……”各种低角度的脚的姿态。采取同样角度的,还有03戏文的窦轶爱。

人称:04文编的孙丫溪在作业中让一辆编号为S414的地铁担当第一人称叙事人,讲述了地铁里三个人物的故事。这是个不错的策略。里面透出的冷漠、孤独的气氛让我如身临其境。但这种策略也有点冒险。不过,当S414最后驶入一片黑暗时,我有点动容。人和物,都是属于上帝的。它们有权发言。

游戏:03文编的何登用繁复、华丽的文笔,把北京地铁变成了“交叉小径的花园”。即便只是读到这份作业,就已经令人赏心悦目了。她交给我们一个地铁里面“和摄像头、和看与被看、追逐与被追逐有关的游戏”,主人公被定义为一个乐于成为“罗拉”的人。游戏当然也被叫做“罗拉快跑”。呵呵,我被其中复杂的算法和路线图迷惑住了;但最令人迷惑的,自然是“罗拉”的消失。没有消失,也就没有真正的故事。

疯狂:05文编李源的作业充满纷乱的字幕、资料片、音效和有趣的画外音。他的作业证明,我要求同时交分镜头是对的。当鲁迅的照片和张飞的画像同时出现时,画外音说道:“我在想,崇文门和宣武门是不是一对反义词?”我在想,地铁和时间是不是一对反义词?你不能错过这篇充斥着动画、资料影像、奥迪汽车广告、英语词条、电影《金刚》片断、左派分子的口号……的、有点疯狂、有点错乱的文案。这是一篇很好“看”的文案。

……

人们从未如此密集地关注地铁。在这些数量庞大的作业中,我获得了关于地铁的各种定义:“地下铁是过客的天下,像古时候的驿站……一个在等待中就让人莫名怅然的地方,不宜久留”(04文编陈文远)、地铁里的事件包括“爱情的、灵异的、亲情的、惊天动地的、匪夷所思的……”、地铁里的格调“太拥挤、太通俗太低调、太阴沉”(04文编刘清璇)……我希望,关于地铁的定义,能够和关于故事、关于人生的定义一样多。
我不知道下一学期,或下下一学期,我是否还能够把他们赶入地铁。如果地铁的故事挖掘完了,我是否可以出一个诸如“飞机·叙事”这样的题目呢?因为在我住的地方,飞机在上空越来越近了,近到令人耳鸣目眩,令人烦躁不安。